Description
Dopamine beta-hydroxylase (DBH) catalyzes the conversion of dopamine to noradrenaline in the biosynthesis of catecholamines. DBH is selectively expressed in noradrenergic and adrenergic neurons, as well as in neuroendocrine cells, and it serves as a specific protein marker for noradrenergic processes. The active form of DBH is a homotetramer, which is found in the lumen of synaptic vesicles of corresponding nerve cells, where it localizes to both the membrane and cytosol. DBH is induced by nerve growth factor and Insulin growth factor-1 and is regulated by intracellular second messengers protein kinase A, cyclic AMP, diacyl glycerol and Ca2+. Expression of DBH is transcriptionally mediated by Sp1, CREB and AP-1 proteins including c-Fos, c-Jun and JunD